Scientists have studied their unique biology and environment to uncover why Greenland sharks can live over 400 years [1].
These sharks, found in the frigid waters of the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans, possess remarkable longevity that surpasses most other vertebrates on Earth.
One key factor contributing to their long lifespan is their slow growth rate. Greenland sharks grow at a rate of less than one centimeter per year, which is significantly slower compared to other shark species [2]. This slow growth is thought to be linked to their cold habitat and metabolic rate, which slows down in colder waters.
Another intriguing aspect is their diet, which includes a variety of prey such as fish, seals and even polar bears. Their scavenging behavior and ability to adapt to scarce food resources may also contribute to their longevity by reducing the energy demands on their bodies.
Researchers have also identified unique adaptations in their cells and DNA repair mechanisms that help them combat the effects of aging. These adaptations include high trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels in their tissues, which protect against protein damage caused by extreme cold and slow metabolism [3].
Also, the cold temperatures of their habitat likely play a crucial role in slowing down their overall metabolism and aging processes. This environmental factor and their genetic adaptations form a complex interplay that allows Greenland sharks to live for centuries.
Greenland sharks’ longevity can be attributed to their slow growth rate, unique dietary habits, genetic adaptations and the cold environment they inhabit. These elements work together to support their remarkable ability to live for over 400 years, making them one of the longest-living vertebrates on the planet.
For more details about this new research, dive deeper into the Society for Experimental Biology’s presentation at its recent conference in Prague [4].
[1] Live Science. Secret of why Greenland sharks live so incredibly long finally revealed
[2] National Geographic. Greenland shark
[3] Nutrients. The Accumulation and Molecular Effects of Trimethylamine N-Oxide on Metabolic Tissues: It’s Not All Bad
[4] The Society for Experimental Biology. SEB Conference Prague 2024
